An apparatus that measures work or energy used during a period of physical exercise:
Ergometer
What are beta blockers — usually drugs with names ending in "lol" — used for?
To reduce heart rate
What is atropine (positive chronotropic) used for?
To increase heart rate
What is digitalis (positive inotropic) — i.e. digoxin or Lanoxin used for?
Heart failure patients. This helps heart pump more effectively
What are some of the EKG manifestations of myocardial ischemia?
- ST elevation — think STEMI!
- Flat or down-sloping ST depression of 1.0 mm or more
- Fixed Q waves in established ischemia
- T wave inversion
What are the indications for a pharmacological (rather than exercise) stress test?
- Reduced functional capacity causing an inability to exercise
- Reliance on medications that could affect the outcome of an exercise test.
Give examples of drugs which are both negative chronotropic and negative inotropic:
Beta blockers, and non-hydropyridine calcium channel blockers, i.e. diltiazem and verapamil.
What is MET — metabolic equivalent of task?
A measure of exercise intensity based on oxygen consumption
The amount of oxygen (O2) a person consumes per unit of body weight during 1 min of rest —
set at 3.5ml O2 per kilogram per minute at rest.
Which region do leads II, III and AVF show?
Inferior
What are some of the criteria of a negative stress test?
- No abnormalities in the ST-segment or J-point
- The patient attains at least 85% of their maximum target heart rate
- No signs of coronary artery disease
- No angina symptoms
What does the arm ergometer stress test involve?
The patient is seated with handles of the ergometer positioned at chest level
- The target heart rate for the patient is the same as for other forms of stress testing
- It is less sensitive than leg exercise in detecting cardiovascular abnormalities
What is sinoatrial (SA) block?
It is a disorder of the cardiac conduction system where the SA node fails to generate an impulse, and no P wave is seen on an EKG. It may occur only occasionally and cause the patient no symptoms or problems.
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